Equipped with the right applications, a computer can be of great help in virtually any domain of activity. When it comes to designing and precision, no other tool is as accurate as a computer. Moreover, specialized applications such as AutoCAD give you the possibility to design nearly anything ranging from art, to complex mechanical parts or even buildings.
Suitable for business environments and experienced users
After a decent amount of time spent installing the application on your system, you are ready to fire it up. Thanks to the office suite like interface, all of its features are cleverly organized in categories. At a first look, it looks easy enough to use, but the abundance of features it comes equipped with leaves room for second thoughts.
Create 2D and 3D objects
You can make use of basic geometrical shapes to define your objects, as well as draw custom ones. Needless to say that you can take advantage of a multitude of tools that aim to enhance precision. A grid can be enabled so that you can easily snap elements, as well as adding anchor points to fully customize shapes.
With a little imagination and patience on your behalf, nearly anything can be achieved. Available tools allow you to create 3D objects from scratch and have them fully enhanced with high-quality textures. A powerful navigation pane is put at your disposal so that you can carefully position the camera to get a clearer view of the area of interest.
Various export possibilities
Similar to a modern web browser, each project is displayed in its own tab. This comes in handy, especially for comparison views. Moreover, layouts and layers also play important roles, as it makes objects handling a little easier.
Sine the application is not the easiest to carry around, requiring a slightly sophisticated machine to properly run, there are several export options put at your disposal so that the projects itself can be moved around.
Aside from the application specific format, you can save as an image file of multiple types, PDF, FBX and a few more. Additionally, it can be sent via email, directly printed out on a sheet of paper, or even sent to a 3D printing service, if available.
To end with
All in all, AutoCAD remains one of the top applications used by professionals to achieve great precision with projects of nearly any type. It encourages usage with incredible offers for student licenses so you get acquainted with its abundance of features early on. A lot can be said about what it can and can't do, but the true surprise lies in discovering it step-by-step.
In 2012, the company released AutoCAD LT, AutoCAD’s $149.95 entry-level line-based CAD program, which runs on laptops and tablets, and is priced at approximately $50 per year.
Advantages
AutoCAD offers the following advantages:
Creates 2D and 3D drawings. A wide variety of drawing types are available.
Allows 2D and 3D drawing creation, editing, and annotation.
Can operate in a collaborative or independent manner, and can be used as a remote desktop (on a LAN or the Internet).
Provides tools for creating and manipulating text and graphics.
Libraries of standard and custom components for building a 3D model are also available.
Disadvantages
AutoCAD comes with a number of disadvantages, including the following:
Software can be expensive.
Upgrades are often very expensive.
Backward compatibility with older drawing files is not guaranteed.
AutoCAD is not inexpensive, with professional models priced from around $250 and a basic version costing only $149.95. AutoCAD LT is priced at approximately $50 per year, which allows up to four users access to AutoCAD LT and all of its associated features.
In the years since its introduction, AutoCAD has become one of the most widely used computer-aided design (CAD) software programs. AutoCAD continues to evolve, with new software releases every year.
History of AutoCAD
AutoCAD was originally designed by Charles Simonyi as a desktop-based CAD program. He and his team at Interval Research began work on the AutoCAD product in March of 1981.
Autodesk purchased Interval Research for CAD development in 1982. By this time, Interval Research had already completed several versions of AutoCAD, including AutoCAD 1.0 (released in December of 1982), AutoCAD 2.0 (released in 1983), AutoCAD 3.0 (released in January of 1986), AutoCAD 3.5 (released in May of 1989), and AutoCAD 4.0 (released in March of 1992).
AutoCAD was subsequently released for the Macintosh and Windows platforms, although not concurrently with other platforms. The AutoCAD product name remained unchanged until 1994, when it was renamed to AutoCAD 2000. The major version
MS Office, PDF, TIFF, XPS, DOCX, RTF, DXF, DWG, DWF, DXR and PSD and HTML5 publishing technologies, command-line interfaces, API libraries, scripting tools, developer’s kits, and SDKs, are all supported.
AutoCAD is based on the Extensible Application Markup Language (XAML), a language for describing user interfaces, developed by Microsoft. XAML is designed to make a wide range of window-based programs easier to develop.
Acceleration on modern computers allows CAD models to be shared between workstations, often via the network, allowing large-scale projects to be assembled by multiple teams.
Fully supported text materials in AutoCAD allow for very detailed, complex, and accurate drawings, also allowing for extremely efficient CAD software.
Levels
There are many levels of AutoCAD, all of which include certain features, but differ in the number of levels and a number of functional capabilities.
AutoCAD 2018 is composed of many smaller applications called levels, which are primarily intended to be used within a more detailed application, but are designed to be used independently. Each level has specific capabilities that are easily shared between them. Users can create and edit models and drawings and save them in their own “home” level. After saving, the drawings can be transferred to any other level. Levels can also be organized as hierarchies. For example, an office can have several drafting levels, but for any drawing to be saved or edited, it must be done in the “office” level.
Levels are organized in the Autodesk Application Navigator. Starting at Level 1, users can quickly navigate to the level they want. From there, they can find and edit drawings, add annotation, create section views, make annotations, and save and publish their work to other levels.
Level 1 is intended to be used for overviews, floor plans, and larger drawings of major objects.
Level 2 contains views, drawings, and annotations of significant objects and a set of “add on” tools.
Level 3 is for detailed drafting. It includes a large library of standard drawing tools, the ability to draw 3D models and surfaces, and a DTM (digital terrain model) of the drafting area.
Level 4 provides a more detailed view of 3D models, additional drawing tools, and a range of drawing-related tools, such as the spline tool
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Q:
Pandas groupby merge
I have the below data:
import pandas as pd
df = pd.DataFrame({‘id’: [1,1,2,2,2],’start’: [0,1,0,1,0], ‘end’: [3,5,3,4,3]})
print(df)
id start end
0 0 3
1 1 5
2 0 3
3 1 4
4 0 3
I need to group it by id and merge it. For example:
id start end
0 1 0 3
1 1 1 5
2 2 0 3
3 2 1 4
4 2 0 3
The problem is I don’t have a fixed number of rows per group. I could work with having max() and min() values for each group, but the number of unique ids are high.
I’m new to python and I’m looking for efficient code.
A:
Try this:
In [103]:
df.groupby(‘id’).transform(‘max’).agg([‘start’,’end’])
Out[103]:
start end
id
1 1 5
2 0 3
2 1 4
2 0 3
In [104]:
df.groupby(‘id’).transform(‘min’).agg([‘start’,’end’])
Out[104]:
start end
id
1
Superior accuracy with high-quality vector graphics. Improvements to the base application technology, like those used in Autodesk Vectorworks 2019 and 2018, are paving the way for new features to be added in the future.
All-new ways to be organized and connected. The new and improved TimeLine, and Data Manager, allow you to better navigate, organize, and collaborate with CAD data.
A new integrated experience. AutoCAD 2023 is part of a suite of integrated products that make it easy to use all your applications together.
More capabilities for every-day work. Save time by using improved, easier-to-use command keys, options, and special features like BSP.
Improved collaboration. No more having to share your design with a designer who does not work with CAD.
AutoCAD Create 3D:
Create 3D drawings with more geometry. AutoCAD Create 3D 2D sets now give you more drawing flexibility and new 3D drawing options like 3D surface modeling and freeform.
Create new models. Use modeling features like freeform shapes, 3D geometric primitive shapes, and modeling tools like loop cuts, move, rotate, and trim to create geometry for 3D drawings, such as floors and walls.
All-new ways to collaborate. Use BIM 360 to share and work with CAD data across the design-build-manage continuum. Plus, work with 3D plans and specs in Google Earth. (video: 3:45 min.)
All-new ways to view and share. Share BIM 360 and 3D plans on mobile and web through AutoCAD 360 or BIM 360 for Cloud. (video: 3:09 min.)
AutoCAD Architecture:
Design more efficiently with improvements in usability, robust documentation features, and better support for geometric modeling.
All-new ways to collaborate. Use AutoCAD 360 to view and interact with BIM 360 and 3D plans and specs. Plus, work with AutoCAD content in Google Earth.
Better usability. The redesigned architecture tool enables increased productivity with better navigation and increased consistency for the placement of features. (video: 5:05 min.)
Autodesk Revit:
Develop 3D models and immersive experiences across BIM 360. Create freeform 3D models and use them with the site plan and floor plan features in Autodesk Revit to model every aspect of your project
Windows XP / Vista / 7 / 8
Processor: Intel Pentium III 800MHz or equivalent
Memory: 1 GB of RAM
Graphics: 128 MB of VRAM (PS2) or 256 MB of VRAM (N64) or greater
Hard Drive: 1.7 GB (N64)
DirectX: 9.0c or greater
Keyboard and mouse
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